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<center>{{Languages}}</center>
[[Category:Language]]
[[Category:Language]]
[[Category:DwarvenLanguage]]
{| align=right border="1" style="font-size:9pt; text-align:center; border-left:10px solid white;"
! style="background:#afdeab; font-size:10pt;" colspan=2 | Nouns
|-
! style="ckground:#efefef; width:90px;" | Common
! style="background:#cfcfcf; width:90px;" | Dwarvish
  |-
    | ability
    | urkit
  |-
    | adamantium
    | ababel
  |-
    | adult
    | Volwach
  |-
    | ale
    | aalen
  |-
    | alloy
    | mearung
  |-
    | ally
    | Verbond
  |-
    | altar
    | clagta
  |-
    | anger/wrath
    | woarg
  |-
    | ant
    | angan
  |-
    | anvil
    | ambnean
  |-
    | armor
    | pantsung
  |-
    | arrow
    | pieil
  |-
    | axe
    | tuxt
  |-
    | back (of torso)
    | hintug
  |-
    | balance
    | eveich
  |-
    | bandit
    | raubicht
  |-
    | barn
    | sgobhal
  |-
    | bartender
    | buftander
  |-
    | battle
    | shlegh
  |-
    | beard
    | feubart
  |-
    | beer
    | leanr
  |-
    | bellows
    | bualg
  |-
    | bird
    | eoin
  |-
    | boulder
    | grobbiges
  |-
    | bow
    | bevergung
  |-
    | box
    | bogsch
  |-
    | boy
    | laddie
  |-
    | castle
    | kargh
  |-
    | cat
    | coit
  |-
    | child
    | kindligh
  |-
    | coal
    | guhle
  |-
    | copper
    | cupbel
  |-
    | Council
    | raad
  |-
    | cow 
    | ciobrothe
  |-
    | desire/want
    | wofel
  |-
    | dew
    | daegh
  |-
    | dirt
    | salach
  |-
    | dog
    | treanfaoil
  |-
    | drum
    | trollan
  |-
    | dwarf/dwarven
    | dwergen
  |-
    | Elf (singular), Elven
    | fing
  |-
    | elven (language)
    | finglen
  |-
    | experience
    | iarfah
  |-
    | Fall/autumn
    | stherz
  |-
    | father
    | vadeugh
  |-
    | field
    | veld
  |-
    | fire
    | vurbren
  |-
    | fish
    | vish
  |-
    | forest
    | bosfich
  |-
    | forge
    | miedlach
  |-
    | friend
    | vruend
  |-
    | friendly
    | fruendlich
  |-
    | fruit
    | frucht
  |-
    | gate
    | cachal
  |-
    | girl
    | lassie
  |-
    | gnome
    | gnom
  |-
    | god/deity
    | deigott
  |-
    | gold
    | gald
  |-
    | goodbye
    | gudein rois
  |-
    | gratitude/thanks
    | altach
  |-
    | grove
    | hain
  |-
    | guard
    | grimnigh
  |-
    | guild/clan
    | treun
  |-
    | hair
    | haar
  |-
    | half
    | lelb
  |-
    | half-elf
    | lelbfing
  |-
    | halfling
    | berrynkind
  |-
    | hammer
    | faircham
  |-
    | haven/safe place
    | zehebben
  |-
    | heart
    | herzode
  |-
    | here
    | heir
  |-
    | hero
    | gaisgach
  |-
    | hole
    | lowl
  |-
    | house
    | haut
  |-
    | human
    | muine
  |-
    | ingot
    | caagen
  |-
    | inn
    | gestagh
  |-
    | iron
    | iarsen
  |-
    | journey
    | reisegh
  |-
    | keep/small castle
    | reikost
  |-
    | leaf
    | bleagh
  |-
    | leather
    | ledar
  |-
    | lizard
    | lagha
  |-
    | magic
    | zatagh
  |-
    | metal
    | meghe
  |-
    | mine
    | gruan
  |-
    | mithril
    | mitbel
  |-
    | moon
    | moan
  |-
    | mother
    | madeugh
  |-
    | mouse
    | luch
  |-
    | night
    | naght
  |-
    | No
    | nae
  |-
    | nose
    | naus
  |-
    | now
    | jenugh
  |-
    | obligation
    | verpiach
  |-
    | orc
    | muc
  |-
    | ore
    | merz
  |-
    | owl
    | oidla
  |-
    | passage
    | durrak
  |-
    | pickaxe
    | breakel
  |-
    | pixie
    | leachan
  |-
    | platinum
    | plabel
  |-
    | potion
    | trankplaagh
  |-
    | pound
    | pfent
  |-
    | purpose
    | zwos
  |-
    | raven
    | rabgang
  |-
    | recommendation
    | moyemb
  |-
    | road
    | stragenaan
  |-
    | rock/stone
    | gesraig
  |-
    | rothe
    | rothe
  |-
    | sea
    | aibheis
  |-
    | season
    | jahrozen
  |-
    | shadow
    | schadeugh
  |-
    | shark
    | cearb
  |-
    | shield
    | washelg
  |-
    | ship
    | bauta
  |-
    | silver
    | airbel
  |-
    | sky
    | odhar
  |-
    | snake
    | natha
  |-
    | something
    | ietwas
  |-
    | spice
    | beschuld
  |-
    | Spring
    | lentuzt
  |-
    | steel
    | staidh
  |-
    | store/merchant
    | tighmann
  |-
    | storm
    | gailloirm
  |-
    | stranger
    | vreud
  |-
    | stronghold
    | hochbol
  |-
    | Summer
    | zommer
  |-
    | sun
    | szonne
  |-
    | tavern
    | schanke
  |-
    | thank you
    | altach
  |-
    | there
    | doer
  |-
    | thing
    | ding
  |-
    | thunder
    | tearnach
  |-
    | time
    | zijd
  |-
    | tourist
    | touregh
  |-
    | trade
    | handel
  |-
    | traveler
    | reisgander
  |-
    | tree
    | beum
  |-
    | tunnel
    | garnel
  |-
    | turtle
    | pantslagha
  |-
    | undead
    | versanae
  |-
    | water
    | usga
  |-
    | way
    | weg
  |-
    | weapon
    | waffen
  |-
    | Welcome
    | velkom
  |-
    | wind
    | goth
  |-
    | Winter
    | vinter
  |-
    | wolf
    | faoil
  |-
    | wood
    | fiolz
  |-
    | Yes
    | aye
|}


Dwarvish
Dwarvish
Line 5: Line 466:
An Avlissian language by Orleron, KinX, Vergilius and Deider
An Avlissian language by Orleron, KinX, Vergilius and Deider


=A Dwarvish Grammar Primer=
=Simple Sentences=
 
{|
==Simple Sentences==
| colspan=4 |
 
Dwarvish follows the word order structure of English to determine the function of a word in the sentence. This is the subject-verb-object word order. For example:
Dwarvish follows the word order structure of English to determine the function of a word in the sentence. This is the subject-verb-object word order. For example:<br>
|-
 
| width=10% | &nbsp;
I buy a shield.<br>
| width=40% | Mich caufoch washelg.  
Mich caufoch washelg. = I buy shield.<br>
| width=40% | I buy a shield.  
 
| &nbsp;
Dwarvish is a simple but robust language. The particles ?a? and ?the? do not exist in dwarvish. Dwarvish also has no verb tenses. This means that the following sentences?<br>
|-
 
| colspan=4 |
I buy a shield.<br>
----
I bought a shield.<br>
Dwarvish is a simple but robust language. The particles ?a? and ?the? do not exist in dwarvish. Dwarvish also has no verb tenses. This means that the following sentences?
I will buy a shield.<br>
|-
 
| width=10% | &nbsp;
are all translated as: Mich caufoch washelg.<br>
| width=40% rowspan=3 valign=top | Mich caufoch washelg
 
| I buy a shield.  
Dwarves usually understand through the context of a sentence which tense is intended. When the meaning is ambiguous, dwarves use time words to clarify. For example.<br>
|-
 
| width=10% | &nbsp;
Mich caufoch washelg voromlag.<br>
| width=40% | I bought a shield.
I bought a shield yesterday.<br>
|-
 
| width=10% | &nbsp;
Mich caufoch washelg nairlag.<br>
| width=40% | I will buy a shield.
I will buy a shield tomorrow.<br>
|-
 
| colspan=4 |
Dwarvish has no plural forms. So again the sentences?<br>
----
 
Dwarves usually understand through the context of a sentence which tense is intended. When the meaning is ambiguous, dwarves use time words to clarify. For example:
I bought a shield.<br>
|-
I bought shields.<br>
| width=10% | &nbsp;
 
| width=40% | Mich caufoch washelg voromlag.
are both translated as: Mich caufoch washelg.<br>
| I bought a shield yesterday.  
 
|-
Again, dwarves usually understand from the context of the conversation, but in ambiguous situations numbers or adjectives are used. For example:<br>
| width=10% | &nbsp;
 
| width=40% | Mich caufoch washelg nairlag.
Mich caufoch dwei washelg.<br>
| I will buy a shield tomorrow.  
I bought two shields.<br>
|-
 
| colspan=4 |
Mich caufoch vieluth washelg.<br>
----
I bought many shields.<br>
Dwarvish has no plural forms. So again the sentences?
 
|-
| width=10% | &nbsp;
| width=40% rowspan=2 valign=top | Mich caufoch washelg.
| I bought a shield.  
|-
| width=10% | &nbsp;
| width=40% | I bought shields.
|-
| colspan=4 |
----
Again, dwarves usually understand from the context of the conversation, but in ambiguous situations numbers or adjectives are used. For example:
|-
| width=10% | &nbsp; || width=40% | Mich caufoch dwei washelg.
| I bought two shields.  
|-
| width=10% | &nbsp; || width=40% | Mich caufoch vieluth washelg.
| I bought many shields.  
|-
| colspan=4 |
----
Speaking of adjectives, as in English adjectives are placed in front of the nouns they modify.
Speaking of adjectives, as in English adjectives are placed in front of the nouns they modify.
 
|-
 
| width=10% | &nbsp; || width=40% | Mich caufoch dwei beddegh washelg voromlag.
Mich caufoch dwei beddegh washelg voromlag.
| I bought two old shields yesterday.  
 
|-
I bought two old shields yesterday.
| colspan=4 |
 
----
 
Negative sentences are also simple. To make a negative sentence, add the word for no, ?nae,? before the verb.
Negative sentences are also simple. To make a negative sentence, add the word for no, ?nae,? before the verb.
 
|-
 
| width=10% | &nbsp; || width=40% | Mich nae caufoch washelg voromlag.
I did not buy a shield yesterday.
| I did not buy a shield yesterday.  
 
|-
Mich nae caufoch washelg voromlag.
| width=10% | &nbsp; || width=40% | Mich nae cauloch klein washelg nairlag. Mich cauloch grobbi washelg.
 
| I will not buy a small shield tomorrow. I will buy a big shield.
 
|-
I will not buy a small shield tomorrow. I will buy a big shield.
| colspan=4 |
 
----
Mich nae cauloch klein washelg nairlag. Mich cauloch grobbi washelg.
 
 
Dwarves have a very tight-knit clan and guild-based culture. As such, they understand each other very well, to the point that they can often finish each others? sentences. So when it would be understood, the subject is sometimes omitted from a sentence. For example:
Dwarves have a very tight-knit clan and guild-based culture. As such, they understand each other very well, to the point that they can often finish each others? sentences. So when it would be understood, the subject is sometimes omitted from a sentence. For example:
 
|-
 
| width=10% | &nbsp; || width=40% | Mich caufoch washelg,
I bought a shield = 'mich caufoch washelg,' but many dwarves would simply say 'caufoch washelg.'
| I bought a shield  
 
|-
 
| colspan=4 |
==Pronouns and 'to be'==
*But many dwarves would simply say ''caufoch washelg''.
 
|}
=Dwergan Grammar Primer=
==Pronouns and ''to be''==
{|
| colspan=2 |
In English, the personal pronouns change when converted from subject to object (I versus me, for example). This is not the case in dwarvish.
In English, the personal pronouns change when converted from subject to object (I versus me, for example). This is not the case in dwarvish.
|-
| width=50% | Wair caufoch beddegh pantsung.
| We bought old armor.
|-
| Siad anspoch wair.
| They attacked us.
|-
| Daibh mabtoch ee!
| You killed him!
|-
| Ie nae behnoch mich.
| She will not bless me.
|-
| colspan=2 |
----
In many languages the verb ''to be'' is irregular. Not in dwarvish. The dwergan verb ''aeoch'', to be, does not change.
|-
| Mich aeoch dwerven.
| I am a dwarf.
|-
| Ie nae aeoch gehagh.
| She is not nice.
|-
| Gorethar aeoch gude deigott.
| Gorethar is a good deity.
|}


 
==Expressing Possession==
I/me ? mich
{|
 
| colspan=2 |
We/us ? wair
 
He/him ? ee
 
She/her ? ie
 
It ? edh
 
You ? daibh
 
They/them ? siad
 
This ? ses
 
That ? din
 
Example sentences:
 
We bought old armor.
 
Wair caufoch beddegh pantsung.
 
 
They attacked us.
 
Siad anspoch wair.
 
 
You killed him!
 
Daibh mabtoch ee!
 
 
She will not bless me.
 
Ie nae behnoch mich.
 
 
In many languages the verb ?to be? is irregular. Not in dwarvish. The dwarvish verb ?aeoch?, to be, does not change.
 
 
I am a dwarf.
 
Mich aeoch dwerven.
 
 
She is not nice.
 
Ie nae aeoch gehagh.
 
 
Gorethar is a good deity.
 
Gorethar aeoch gude deigott.
 
 
Chapter 3: Expressing Possession
 
 
There are two ways to show possession in dwarvish. The first uses the conjunction 'ov,' which means 'of.'
There are two ways to show possession in dwarvish. The first uses the conjunction 'ov,' which means 'of.'
 
|-
 
| width=50% | Veld Ov Vurbren aeoch heir.
Veld Ov Vurbren aeoch heir.
| The Fields of Fire are here.  
 
|-
The Fields of Fire are here.
| Verifoch mich ov haut.
 
| I sold my house.
 
|-
Verifoch mich ov haut.
| colspan=2 |
 
----
I sold my house.
 
 
The second is even simpler. Just combine the words signifying the owner and the possession:
The second is even simpler. Just combine the words signifying the owner and the possession:
 
|-
 
| width=50% | Verifoch michhaut.
Verifoch michhaut.
| I sold my house.  
 
|-
I sold my house.
| Michwashelg aeoch beddegh.
 
| My shield is old.  
 
|-
Michwashelg aeoch beddegh.
| Fifur mabtoch michvruend.
 
| Fifur killed my friend.  
My shield is old.
|}
 
 
Fifur killed my friend.
 
Fifur mabtoch michvruend.
 
==Imperatives==
==Imperatives==
 
{|
Dwarvish verbs are not conjugated. The only exception is when it comes to giving commands. All dwarvish verbs end with ?och. Dropping ?och from a verb results in its imperative form.
| colspan=2 |
 
Dwarvish verbs are not conjugated. The only exception is when it comes to giving commands. All dwarvish verbs end with -och. Dropping -och from a verb results in its imperative form.
 
|-
Rauf! Rauf!!
| Rauf! Rauf!!
 
| Run! Run!!  
Run! Run!!
|-
 
| Dlomm heir
Dlomm heir
| Come here.  
 
|-
Come here.
| Nae versa!
 
| Don't die!  
Nae versa!
|-
 
| Mabt siad!
Don't die!
| Kill them!  
 
|}
Mabt siad!
 
Kill them!
 
==Expressing Desires==
==Expressing Desires==
 
{|
The verb 'wofeloch' means 'to want.'
| colspan=2 | The verb ''wofeloch'' means ''to want''.
 
|-
 
| Wofeloch washelg.
Wofeloch washelg.
| I want a shield.  
 
|-
I want a shield.
| Ee wofeloch michhaut.
 
| He wants my house.  
Ee wofeloch michhaut.
|-
 
| Wofeloch ceudert gude dwergen!
He wants my house.
| I want a hundred good dwarves!  
 
|-
Wofeloch ceudert gude dwergen!
| colspan=2 |
 
''Wofel'' is a dwarvish noun meaning ''desire, want''. When wofel precedes a verb, the following expression can be made:
I want a hundred good dwarves!
|-
 
| Mich wofel caufoch washelg.
'Wofel' is a dwarvish noun meaning 'desire, want.' When 'wofel' precedes a verb, the following expression can be made:
| I want to buy a shield.  
 
|-
 
| Ie wofel fascoch madeugh.
Mich wofel caufoch washelg.
| She wants to see her mother.  
 
|-
I want to buy a shield.
| Mich nae wofel mabtoch daibh.
 
| I don't want to kill you.  
 
|}
Ie wofel fascoch madeugh.
 
She wants to see her mother.
 
 
Mich nae wofel mabtoch daibh.
 
I don?t want to kill you.
 
 
==Conjunctions, Conditionals, and Explaining Reasons==
==Conjunctions, Conditionals, and Explaining Reasons==
 
{|
| colspan=2 |
Conjunctions can be used to combine simple sentences into complex ones. Conjunctions are used in dwarvish exactly as they are in English. A list of common conjunctions follows:
Conjunctions can be used to combine simple sentences into complex ones. Conjunctions are used in dwarvish exactly as they are in English. A list of common conjunctions follows:
 
|-
 
| Famoch tighmann ind caufoch washelg voromlag.
And : ind
| I went to the store and I bought a shield.
 
|-
Because : wegoir
| Anspoch din muc bach ee nae versaoch.
 
| I attacked that orc but he didn?t die.
But, yet : bach
|-
 
| Verifoch michtuxt ov staidh wegoir edh aeoch flamh.
If : wem
| I sold my steel axe because it was dull.
 
|-
Or : nad
| Wair desufoch aalen nad leanr.
 
| We will drink ale or beer.
 
|-
Famoch tighmann ind caufoch washelg voromlag.
| colspan=2 |
 
----
I went to the store and I bought a shield.
The word ''wem'' can be used with the adverb ''mann'', which means ''then'', to form conditional sentences.
 
|-
 
| Wem famoch tighmann, mann caufoch nudh washelg.
Anspoch din muc bach ee nae versaoch.
| If I go to the store, then I will buy a new shield.
 
|-
I attacked that orc but he didn?t die.
| colspan=2 |
 
----
 
The conjunction ''wegoir'', which means ''because'', can be used to explain reasons.
Verifoch michtuxt ov staidh wegoir edh aeoch flamh.
|-
 
| Famoch tighmann voromlag wegoir wofel caufoch nudh washelg.
I sold my steel axe because it was dull.
| I went to the store yesterday because I wanted to buy a new shield.
 
|}
 
Wair desufoch aalen nad leanr.
 
We will drink ale or beer.
 
The word 'wem' can be used with the adverb ?mann?, which means ?then,? to form conditional sentences.
 
 
Wem famoch tighmann, mann caufoch nudh washelg.
 
If I go to the store, then I will buy a new shield.
 
The conjunction 'wegoir,' which means 'because,' can be used to explain reasons.
 
 
Famoch tighmann voromlag wegoir wofel caufoch nudh washelg.
 
I went to the store yesterday because I wanted to buy a new shield.
 
==Prepositions==
==Prepositions==
 
{|
| colspan=2 |
Prepositions come before the words they modify, as in English. Below is a list of common dwarvish prepositions:
Prepositions come before the words they modify, as in English. Below is a list of common dwarvish prepositions:
 
|-
 
| The moon is above Galdos, but I never see it.
Above : ciob
| Moan aeoch ciob Galdos, bach nae faschoch.
 
|-
After : nair
| Michbreakel aeoch ain haut, hintacht miedlach.
 
| My pickaxe is in the house, behind the forge.
Before : vorom
|-
 
| Muc dlommoch bhon fon garnel.
Behind : hintacht
| The orcs came from below the tunnel.
 
|-
Below : fon
| Grib daibhwaffen oin stragenaan!
 
| Drop your weapon on the road!
By : de
|-
 
| Caufoch ses washelg cal daibh.
For : cal
| I bought this shield for you.
 
|}
From : bhon
 
In front of : coivern
 
In, inside : ain
 
Of : ov
 
On : oin
 
To : chau
 
With : meit
 
 
Examples:
 
Moan aeoch ciob Galdos, bach nae faschoch.
 
The moon is above Galdos, but I never see it.
 
 
Michbreakel aeoch ain haut, hintacht miedlach.
 
My pickaxe is in the house, behind the forge.
 
Muc dlommoch bhon fon garnel.
 
The orcs came from below the tunnel.
 
Drop your weapon on the road!
 
Grib daibhwaffen oin stragenaan!
 
I bought this shield for you.
 
Caufoch ses washelg cal daibh.
 
==Asking Questions==
==Asking Questions==
 
{|
| colspan=2 |
In written dwarvish, interrogative questions start with a question word and end with a rune that denotes that the question is a sentence. This rune is analogous to the English question mark. Also similar is the fact that when dwarves speak a question they end the sentence with a rise in tone. In other words, asking a question in dwarvish is the same as asking one in English. Below is a list of dwarvish question words:
In written dwarvish, interrogative questions start with a question word and end with a rune that denotes that the question is a sentence. This rune is analogous to the English question mark. Also similar is the fact that when dwarves speak a question they end the sentence with a rise in tone. In other words, asking a question in dwarvish is the same as asking one in English. Below is a list of dwarvish question words:
 
|-
 
| Cor aeoch din lelbfing?
Who : cor
| Who was that half-elf?
 
|-
What : cas
| Cas aeoch ses waffen, ind co aeoch dlommoch bhon?
 
| What is this weapon, and where did it come from?
When : cuan
|-
 
| Cashalb daibh anspoch mich?
Where : co
| Why did you attack me?
 
|-
Why : cashalb
| Celch washelg daibh wofeloch, rodh nad blorm?
 
| Which shield do you like, the red or the blue one?
How : cie
|}
 
How much, how many : cieliol
 
Which : celch
 
 
Cor aeoch din lelbfing?
 
Who was that half-elf?
 
 
Cas aeoch ses waffen, ind co aeoch dlommoch bhon?
 
What is this weapon, and where did it come from?
 
Why did you attack me?
 
Cashalb daibh anspoch mich?
 
 
Which shield do you like, the red or the blue one?
 
Celch washelg daibh wofeloch, rodh nad blorm?
 
 
==Relative Clauses==
==Relative Clauses==
{|
| colspan=2 |
Relative clauses use the appropriate question word to best describe the noun they modify. In English, where ''that'' is used the word for ''what'', ''cas'', is used instead. For example:
|-
| Fing cor mabtoch michvadeugh
| The elf who killed my father
|-
| Merz cas mich leagoch voromlag.
| The ore that I smelted yesterday
|-
| Hochbol co siad neutoch shlegh
| The stronghold where they fought the battle
|-
| Cuan mich aeoch laddie, wofeloch buang feubart.
| When I was a boy, I wanted a long beard.
|}
==Time Expressions==
{|
|
Compound nouns are used to modify the words for week, month, and year. Thus ''voromjahdna'' means ''last year'' and ''nairmionat'' means ''next month''.


Relative clauses use the appropriate question word to best describe the noun they modify. In English, where ?that? is used the word for ?what,? ?cas,? is used instead. For example:
More time expressions can be used by combining time words, numbers, and certain prepositions. For example
 
|-
 
{| width=100%
The elf who killed my father
| Two seconds ago  
 
| Two second before
Fing cor mabtoch michvadeugh
| Dwei dakun vorom
 
|-
 
| Five years from now
The ore that I smelted yesterday
| Five year after
 
| Conf jahdna nair
Merz cas mich leagoch voromlag.
|-
 
| In twenty-four hours
 
| Twenty-four hour inside
The stronghold where they fought the battle
| Dweideihn-veith stuair ain
 
|}
Hochbol co siad neutoch shlegh
|-
 
{| width=100%
 
| Dlomm Deglos dwei lag ain.
When I was a boy, I wanted a long beard.
| Come to Deglos in two days.
 
|-
Cuan mich aeoch laddie, wofeloch buang feubart.
| Leornoch finglen deihn jahdna nair.
 
| I learned Elvish ten years ago.
==Time expressions==
|}
 
|-
A list of common dwarvish time words is detailed below:
'''Culture note:''' ''mionat'' is translated as ''month'', but many dwarves live their entire lives underground and hence never seen the moon. Mionat does not describe an actual lunar cycle, but rather the length of time of the birth and death cycle of a type of glowing fungus that grows in the Underdark. The life cycle of this fungus roughly corresponds to one month.
 
|}
 
==Saying ''I Can''==
Second : dakun
{|
 
| In dwarvish the word ''urkit'' means ''ability''. When urkit precedes a verb it forms the grammatical expression "I can" (verb form). For example:
Minute : pairgen
|-
 
{| width=100%
Hour : stuair
| I can see you.
 
| I have the ability to see you.
Day : lag
| Mich urkit fascoch daibh.
 
|-
Week : woach
| We cannot lose!
 
| We do not have the ability to lose!
Month : mionat
| Wair nae urkit vercaloch!
 
|}
Year : jahdna
|}
 
 
Today = this + day = ses + lag = seslag
 
Yesterday = before + day = vorom + lag = voromlag
 
Tomorrow = after + day = nair + lag = nairlag
 
 
Similar compound nouns are used to modify the words for week, month, and year. Thus ?voromjahdna? means 'last year' and 'nairmionat' means 'next month.'
 
 
More time expressions can be used by combining time words, numbers, and certain prepositions. For example:
 
 
Two seconds ago = two second before = dwei dakun vorom
 
Five years from now = five year after = conf jahdna nair
 
In twenty-four hours = twenty-four hour inside = dweideihn-veith stuair ain
 
 
Come to Deglos in two days.
 
Dlomm Deglos dwei lag ain.
 
 
I learned Elvish ten years ago.
 
Leornoch finglen deihn jahdna nair.
 
 
Culture note: 'mionat' is translated as 'month,' but many dwarves live their entire lives underground and hence never seen the moon. 'Mionat' does not describe an actual lunar cycle, but rather the length of time of the birth and death cycle of a type of glowing fungus that grows in the Underdark. The life cycle of this fungus roughly corresponds to one month.
 
==Saying 'I Can'==
 
In dwarvish the word 'urkit' means 'ability.' When urkit precedes a verb it forms the grammatical expression 'I can (verb).' For example:
 
 
Mich urkit fascoch daibh.
 
I have the ability to see you.
 
I can see you.
 
 
Wair nae urkit vercaloch!
 
We cannot lose!
 
==Gerunds==
==Gerunds==
 
{|
Perhaps the hardest thing for foreigners to understand about dwarvish is gerunds. Just as dwarvish verbs do not distinguish between tenses, they also do not distinguish the gerund form. So 'see', 'to see,' and 'seeing' are all expressed by the word 'fascoch.' This sometimes creates sentences that are hard for non-dwarves to understand, such as:
| Perhaps the hardest thing for foreigners to understand about dwarvish is gerunds. Just as dwarvish verbs do not distinguish between tenses, they also do not distinguish the gerund form. So 'see', 'to see,' and 'seeing' are all expressed by the word 'fascoch.' This sometimes creates sentences that are hard for non-dwarves to understand, such as:
 
|-
 
{| width=100%
Desufoch aalen aeoch gude.
| Desufoch aalen aeoch gude.
 
| Drinking ale is good.
Drinking ale is good.
|-
 
| Vercaloth aeoch versaoch.
 
| To lose is to die.
Vercaloth aeoch versaoch.
|}
 
|}
To lose is to die.
 
==Expressing Likes and Dislikes==
==Expressing Likes and Dislikes==
 
{|
The verb meaning 'to like' is 'mesikoth.' The verb meaning 'to hate' is 'fuasoch.'
| colspan=2 |
 
The verb meaning ''to like'' is ''mesikoth''. The verb meaning ''to hate'' is ''fuasoch''.
 
|-
I like winter, and I hate summer.
| Mich mesikoth vinter, ind mich fuasoch zommer.
 
| I like winter, and I hate summer.
Mich mesikoth vinter, ind mich fuasoch zommer.
|-
 
| colspan=2 |
 
----
The imperative forms of the above verbs are also nouns meaning ?preference? and ?dislike.? When they precede a verb the following grammatical construction is formed:
The imperative forms of the above verbs are also nouns meaning ''preference'' and ''dislike''. When they precede a verb the following grammatical construction is formed:
 
|-
 
| Mich mesik leagoch merz.
Mich mesik leagoch merz.
| I like to smelt ore.
 
|-
I like to smelt ore.
| Mich fuas faichoch hochbol.
 
| I hate guarding the stronghold.
 
|}
Mich fuas faichoch hochbol.
 
I hate guarding the stronghold.
 
 
==Expressing Past Experiences==
==Expressing Past Experiences==
 
{|
The noun 'iarfah' mean 'experience.' When it precedes a verb it forms the following grammatical construction:
| colspan=3 |
 
The noun ''iarfah'' mean ''experience''. When it precedes a verb it forms the following grammatical construction:
 
|-
Mich iarfah famoch Le'Or T'Nanshi.
| Mich iarfah famoch Le'Or T'Nanshi.
 
| I have the experience of going to Le'Or T'Nanshi.
I have the experience of going to Le'Or T'Nanshi.
| I have been to Le'Or T'Nanshi before.
 
|-
I have been to Le'Or T'Nanshi before.
| Ee iarfah fascoch nudh gebuid michpantsung?
 
| colspan=2 | Has he seen my new yellow armor before?
 
|-
Ee iarfah fascoch nudh gebuid michpantsung?
| Cor iarfah famoch Mikona dri jahdna ain?
 
| colspan=2 |  Who's been to Mikona in the past three years?
Has he seen my new yellow armor before?
|}
 
 
Cor iarfah famoch Mikona dri jahdna ain?
 
Who's been to Mikona in the past three years?
 
==Similes and Metaphors==
==Similes and Metaphors==
 
{|
| colspan=2 |
The adjective 'cealich' means 'similar to.' It can be used to form similes, such as:
The adjective 'cealich' means 'similar to.' It can be used to form similes, such as:
 
|-
 
| Michmadeugh ov feubart aeoch wabh cealich iarsen.
My mother's beard is black like iron.
| My mother's beard is black like iron.
 
|-
Michmadeugh ov feubart aeoch wabh cealich iarsen.
| Din muine anspoch chart cealich ababel!
 
| That human fights as hard as adamantium!
 
|-
That human fights as hard as adamantium!
| colspan=2 |
 
Din muine anspoch chart cealich ababel!
 
 
Though dwarves do like a good drinking song, dirge, battle ballad, or limerick, they are not fond of metaphor. In fact, they do not use metaphor in their language.
Though dwarves do like a good drinking song, dirge, battle ballad, or limerick, they are not fond of metaphor. In fact, they do not use metaphor in their language.
 
|}
==Adverbs==
==Adverbs==
 
{|
| colspan=2 |
Adverbs always precede the verb they modify. Here is a list of common dwarvish adverbs:
Adverbs always precede the verb they modify. Here is a list of common dwarvish adverbs:
Also : auscht
|-
 
| Aozeit desufoch aalen vorom shlegh.
Always : aozeit
| I always drink ale before a battle.
 
|-
Never : noer
| Ansp trit herzode!
 
| Attack the heart only!
Often : trit
|-
 
| Noer nae smenoch muc cor mich mabtoch.
Only : unzig
| I never think about the orcs I have killed.
 
|-
Seldom : senamh
| colspan=2 |
 
Sometimes : uairmal
 
Then : mann
 
I always drink ale before a battle.
 
Aozeit desufoch aalen vorom shlegh.
 
 
Attack the heart only!
 
Ansp trit herzode!
 
I never think about the orcs I have killed.
 
Noer nae smenoch muc cor mich mabtoch.
 
 
Adjectives can be made into adverbs by adding ?-in? at the end of the word. Again, adverbs always precede the verb they modify.
Adjectives can be made into adverbs by adding ?-in? at the end of the word. Again, adverbs always precede the verb they modify.
 
|-
 
| Ie lunellin sprucoch.
She spoke quickly.
| She spoke quickly.
 
|-
Ie lunellin sprucoch.
| Cuan ee rabhoch mich, toimin fothloch altach.
 
| When he saved me, I felt deep gratitude.
 
|}
When he saved me, I felt deep gratitude.
 
Cuan ee rabhoch mich, toimin fothloch altach.
 
==Passive Voice==
==Passive Voice==
Dwarves are a people who believe in actions. This attitude is expressed in their language. In dwarvish there is no passive voice. To quote a famous dwarf linguist, ''Passive voice is for wussies''.


Dwarves are a people who believe in actions. This attitude is expressed in their language. In dwarvish there is no passive voice. To quote a famous dwarf linguist, 'Passive voice is for wussies.'
==Using the Verb ''Ferdoch''==
 
{|
==Using the verb 'ferdoch'==
| colspan=2 |
 
''Ferdoch'' means simply ''to make''. But dwarves rarely use the verb in its naked form. Being a race of smiths, dwarves almost always combine the verb 'ferdoch' with the noun for the material used in whatever was made. For example:
'Ferdoch' means simply 'to make.' But dwarves rarely use the verb in its naked form. Being a race of smiths, dwarves almost always combine the verb 'ferdoch' with the noun for the material used in whatever was made. For example:
|-
 
| Mich staidhferdoch washelg.
 
| I made a shield (out of steel).
Mich staidhferdoch washelg.
|-
 
| Mich mitbelferdoch faircham nairlag.
I made a shield (out of steel).
| I will make a mithril hammer tomorrow.
 
|-
 
| Cor iarsenferdoch nudh ambnean?
Mich mitbelferdoch faircham nairlag.
| Who made the new (iron) anvil?
 
|}
I will make a mithril hammer tomorrow.
==Honorifics==
 
Dwarf society is highly structured and places an emphasis on one’s rank and occupation.  Dwarves tend to call people by their title, rank, or occupation, followed by their name.  In cases where such information about another dwarf is not known, the gender-neutral “Dwergen” (“dwarf”) is used (e.g., "Dwergen Hargas").  In recent centuries some Deglosian dwarves shorten this to “Dwerg.”  It is meant as a sign of respect.  Dwarves speaking in Dwergan to non-dwarves will adopt the same practice, calling them by their race, followed by their name (e.g. “Muine Thom,” “Fing Lomir,” etc.).  Some dwarves – usually those who learned Common in Galdos or Deglos but had few to no opportunities to speak it to non-dwarves – will use the same practice in Common or other non-dwarf languages: “Human Rodrick,” “Elf Lomir,” etc.
 
Cor iarsenferdoch nudh ambnean?
 
Who made the new (iron) anvil?
 
==Common Expressions==
==Common Expressions==
Last but not least, a list of common expressions in dwarvish for general use.
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
! style="ckground:#efefef;" | Common
! style="background:#cfcfcf;" | Dwergan
! style="ckground:#efefef;" | Notes
|-
| Hello
| Gorr!
| Abbreviation of a phrase that means ''Gorethar bless you!''
|-
| Goodbye
| Gudein rois
| Literally ''Journey well''
|-
| How are you?
| Chart faircham?
| Literally ''Is your hammer hard''
|-
| I am well
| Lichaba!
| Abbreviation of ''Cealich ababel'' which is literally ''Like adamantium!''
|-
| Thank you || Altach || &nbsp;
|-
| You're welcome
| Kleinmerz
| Literally ''It's just a small ore?''
|-
| Holy smokes/<br> Great scott!
| Ach!
| &nbsp;
|-
| Damn!
| Verlooghlag!
| Literally ''Forsaken day''
|-
| Excuse me
| Vercalwoarg
| Literally ''Lose your anger''
|}


Last but not least, a list of common expressions in dwarvish for general use:
=Dwergan Vocabulary=
 
{|
 
| valign=top |
Hello ' Gorr!! (this is an abbreviation of a phrase that means ?Gorethar bless you?)
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
 
! style="background:#afdeab; font-size:10pt; border:1px solid black;" colspan=2 | Verbs
Goodbye : gudein rois (lit. trans. : 'journey well')
|-
 
! style="ckground:#efefef; width:90px;" | Common
How are you? : chart faircham? (lit. trans. : 'is your hammer hard')
! style="background:#cfcfcf; width:90px;" | Dwergan
 
  |-
I am well : lichaba! (abbr. of 'cealich ababel', 'like adamantium!')
    | to attack  
 
    | anspoch
Thank you : altach
  |-
 
    | to be  
You?re welcome : kleinmerz ('it's just a small ore?)
    | aeoch
 
  |-
Holy smokes, great scott! : ach!
    | to bless  
 
    | behnoch
Damn! : verlooghlag! ('forsaken day')
  |-
 
    | to blow
Excuse me : vercalwoarg (lit. trans. : 'lose your anger')
    | seidoch
 
  |-
 
    | to buy  
=Dictionary=
    | caufoch
===Nouns:===
  |-
English/Common Dwarvish
    | to come  
 
    | dlommoch
ability urkit
  |-
 
    | to die  
adamantium ababel
    | versaoch
 
  |-
adult Volwach
    | to dig/<br> to mine  
 
    | ruamhoch
ale aalen
  |-
 
    | to do  
alloy mearung
    | neutoch
 
  |-
ally Verbond
    | to drink  
 
    | desufoch
altar clagta
  |-
 
    | to eat  
anger, wrath woarg
    | esithoch
 
  |-
anvil ambnean
    | to farm
 
    | tuathoch
armor pantsung
  |-
 
    | to feel  
arrow pieil
    | fothloch
 
  |-
axe tuxt
    | to fly  
 
    | ilieoch
back (of torso) hintug
  |-
 
    | to go/<br> to walk  
balance eveich
    | famoch
 
  |-
bandit raubicht
    | to hate  
 
    | fuasoch
bartender buftander
  |-
 
    | to have  
battle shlegh
    | teuwoch
 
  |-
beard feubart
    | to hide
 
    | falaoch
beer leanr
  |-
 
    | to hope  
bellows bualg
    | horboch
 
  |-
boulder grobbiges
    | to journey  
 
    | roisoch
bow bevergung
  |-
 
    | to kill  
boy laddie
    | mabtoch
 
  |-
castle kargh
    | to know  
 
    | kaithnoch
child kindligh
  |-
 
    | to learn  
coal guhle
    | leornoch
 
  |-
copper cupbel
    | to like/<br> to enjoy  
 
    | mesikoch
Council raad
  |-
 
    | to lose  
desire, want wofel
    | vercaloch
 
  |-
dew daegh
    | to love  
 
    | griboch
drum trollan
  |-
 
    | to make  
dwarf, dwarven dwergen
    | ferdoch
 
  |-
Elf (sing.), Elven fing
    | to open  
 
    | fosoffoch
elven (language) finglen
  |-
 
    | to play
experience iarfah
    | cluioch
 
  |-
Fall, autumn stherz
    | to recommend  
 
    | moyempoch
father vadeugh
  |-
 
    | to run  
field veld
    | raufoch
 
  |-
fire vurbren
    | to save  
 
    | rabhoch
fish vish
  |-
 
    | to say  
forest bosfich
    | sairoch
 
  |-
forge miedlach
    | to see  
 
    | fascoch
friend vruend
  |-
 
    | to sell  
friendly fruendlich
    | verifoch
 
  |-
fruit frucht
    | to show
 
    | sealloch
girl lassie
  |-
 
    | to sing  
gnome gnom
    | cronnoch
 
  |-
god, deity deigott
    | to sleep
 
    | cadaloch
gold gald
  |-
 
    | to smelt  
goodbye gudein rois
    | leagoch
 
  |-
gratitude, thanks altach
    | to snow
 
    | sneaoch
grove hain
  |-
 
    | to speak  
guard grimnigh
    | sprucoch
 
  |-
guild, clan treun
    | to stand  
 
    | stehoch
hair haar
  |-
 
    | to think  
half lelb
    | smenoch
 
  |-
half-elf lelbfing
    | to train
 
    | treannoch
halfling berrynkind
  |-
 
    | to want/<br> to need  
hammer faircham
    | wofeloch
 
  |-
haven, safe place zehebben
    | to watch/to guard  
 
    | faichoch
heart herzode
  |-
 
    | to win  
here heir
    | gebuihoch
 
  |-
hole lowl
    | to work
 
    | saothoch
house haut
|}
 
| width=20px | &nbsp;
human muine
| valign=top |
 
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
ingot caagen
! style="background:#afdeab; font-size:10pt; border:1px solid black;" colspan=2 | Adjectives
 
|-
inn gestagh
! style="ckground:#efefef; width:90px;" | Common
 
! style="background:#cfcfcf; width:90px;" | Dwergan
iron iarsen
  |-
 
    | acceptable  
journey reisegh
    | annedeagh
 
  |-
keep (small castle) reikost
    | agile  
 
    | aglich
leaf bleagh
  |-
 
    | all  
leather ledar
    | allegh
 
  |-
magic zatagh
    | any  
 
    | irgnig
metal meghe
  |-
 
    | armed  
mine gruan
    | bewapnend
 
  |-
mithril mitbel
    | bad  
 
    | shlect
moon moan
  |-
 
    | big  
mother madeugh
    | grobbi
 
  |-
night naght
    | black  
 
    | wabh
No nae
  |-
 
    | blue  
nose naus
    | blorm
 
  |-
now jenugh
    | brown  
 
    | dhaun
obligation verpiach
  |-
 
    | cold
orc muc
    | fuor
 
  |-
ore merz
    | deep  
 
    | toim
passage durrak
  |-
 
    | dull  
pickaxe breakel
    | flamh
 
  |-
platinum plabel
    | enduring  
 
    | karagh
potion trankplaagh
  |-
 
    | fast  
pound pfent
    | lunell
 
  |-
purpose zwos
    | few  
 
    | beparr
raven rabgang
  |-
 
    | forsaken  
recommendation moyemb
    | verloogh
 
  |-
road stragenaan
    | full  
 
    | vollen
rock, stone gesraig
  |-
 
    | good  
Sea aibheis
    | gude
 
  |-
season jahrozen
    | green  
 
    | grurn
shadow schadeugh
  |-
 
    | hard  
shield washelg
    | chart
 
  |-
silver airbel
    | hot
 
    | teoth
something ietwas
  |-
 
    | long  
spice beschuld
    | buang
 
  |-
Spring lentuzt
    | many  
 
    | vieluth
steel staidh
  |-
 
    | new  
store, merchant tighmann
    | nudh
 
  |-
stranger vreud
    | old  
 
    | beddegh
stronghold hochbol
  |-
 
    | pleasant/nice  
Summer zommer
    | gehagh
 
  |-
sun szonne
    | purple  
 
    | purcur
tavern schanke
  |-
 
    | red  
thank you altach
    | rodh
 
  |-
there doer
    | shallow  
 
    | seilach
thing ding
  |-
 
    | sharp  
time zijd
    | biorarf
 
  |-
tourist touregh
    | sharp
 
    | leannach
trade (noun) handel
  |-
 
    | short  
traveler reisgander
    | gorurz
 
  |-
tree beum
    | similar to  
 
    | cealich
tunnel garnel
  |-
 
    | slow  
undead versanae
    | songsam
 
  |-
way weg
    | small  
 
    | klein
weapon waffen
  |-
 
    | soft  
Welcome velkom
    | weoth
 
  |-
Winter vinter
    | tall
 
    | slataul
wood fiolz
  |-
 
    | white  
Yes aye
    | weel
 
  |-
===Verbs:===
    | yellow  
English/Common Dwarvish
    | gebuid
 
  |-
to attack anspoch
    | young  
 
    | juch
to be aeoch
|}
 
|-
to bless behnoch
| valign=top |
 
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
to buy caufoch
! style="background:#afdeab; font-size:10pt; border:1px solid black;" colspan=2 | Adverbs
 
|-
to come dlommoch
! style="ckground:#efefef; width:90px;" | Common
 
! style="background:#cfcfcf; width:90px;" | Dwergan
to die versaoch
  |-
 
    | also  
to dig, mine ruamhoch
    | auscht
 
  |-
to do neutoch
    | always  
 
    | aozeit
to drink desufoch
  |-
 
    | maybe  
to eat esithoch
    | foddecht
 
  |-
to feel fothloch
    | never  
 
    | noer
to fly ilieoch
  |-
 
    | often  
to go, to walk famoch
    | trit
 
  |-
to hate fuasoch
    | only  
 
    | unzig
to have teuwoch
  |-
 
    | seldom  
to hope horboch
    | senamh
 
  |-
to journey roisoch
    | sometimes  
 
    | uairmal
to kill mabtoch
  |-
 
    | then  
to know kaithnoch
    | mann
 
|}
to learn leornoch
| width=20px | &nbsp;
 
| valign=top |
to like, enjoy mesikoch
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
 
! style="background:#afdeab; font-size:10pt; border:1px solid black;" colspan=2 | Numbers
to lose vercaloch
|-
 
! style="ckground:#efefef; width:90px;" | Common
to love griboch
! style="background:#cfcfcf; width:90px;" | Dwergan
 
  |-
to make ferdoch
    | one  
 
    | eaon
to open fosoffoch
  |-
 
    | two  
to recommend moyempoch
    | dwei
 
  |-
to run raufoch
    | three  
 
    | dri
to save rabhoch
  |-
 
    | four  
to say sairoch
    | veith
 
  |-
to see fascoch
    | five  
 
    | conf
to sell verifoch
  |-
 
    | six  
to sing cronnoch
    | se
 
  |-
to smelt leagoch
    | seven  
 
    | siechd
to speak sprucoch
  |-
 
    | eight  
to stand stehoch
    | oht
 
  |-
to think smenoch
    | nine  
 
    | naun
to want, to need wofeloch
  |-
 
    | ten  
to watch, to guard faichoch
    | deihn
 
  |-
to win gebuihoch
    | hundred  
 
    | ceudert
===Adjectives:===
  |-
English/Common Dwarvish
    | thousand  
 
    | taumil
acceptable annedeagh
|}
 
|-
agile aglich
| valign=top |
 
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
all allegh
! style="background:#afdeab; font-size:10pt; border:1px solid black;" colspan=2 | Conjunctions
 
|-
any irgnig
! style="ckground:#efefef; width:90px;" | Common
 
! style="background:#cfcfcf; width:90px;" | Dwergan
armed bewapnend
  |-
 
    | although  
bad shlect
    | obged
 
  |-
big grobbi
    | and  
 
    | ind
black wabh
  |-
 
    | because  
blue blorm
    | wegoir
 
  |-
brown dhaun
    | but/yet  
 
    | bach
deep toim
  |-
 
    | if  
dull flamh
    | wem
 
  |-
enduring karagh
    | or  
 
    | nad
fast lunell
|}
 
| width=20px | &nbsp;
few beparr
| valign=top |
 
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
forsaken verloogh
! style="background:#afdeab; font-size:10pt; border:1px solid black;" colspan=2 | Time Indicators
 
|-
full vollen
! style="ckground:#efefef; width:90px;" | Common
 
! style="background:#cfcfcf; width:90px;" | Dwergan
good gude
 
green grurn
 
hard chart
 
long buang
 
many vieluth
 
new nudh
 
old beddegh
 
pleasant, nice gehagh
 
purple purcur
 
red rodh
 
shallow seilach
 
sharp biorarf
 
short gorurz
 
similar to cealich
 
slow songsam
 
small klein
 
soft weoth
 
white weel
 
yellow gebuid
 
young juch
 
===Adverbs:===
English/Common Dwarvish
 
also auscht
 
always aozeit
 
maybe foddecht
 
never noer
 
often trit
 
only unzig
 
seldom senamh
 
sometimes uairmal
 
then mann
 
===Numbers:===
English/Common Dwarvish
 
one eaon
 
two dwei
 
three dri
 
four veith
 
five conf
 
six se
 
seven siechd
 
eight oht
 
nine naun
 
ten deihn
 
hundred ceudert
 
thousand taumil
 
===Conjunctions:===
English/Common Dwarvish
 
although obged
 
and ind
 
because wegoir
 
but, yet bach
 
if wem
 
or nad
 
===Time Indicators:===
English/Common Dwarvish
 
second dakun
 
minute pairgen
 
hour stuair
 
day lag
 
week woach
 
month mionat
 
year jahdna
 
today seslag
 
yesterday voromlag
 
tomorrow nairlag
 
===Question Words:===
English/Common Dwarvish
 
who cor
 
what cas
 
when cuan
 
where co
 
why cashalb
 
how cie
 
how much, how many cieliol
 
which celch
 
===Pronouns:===
English/Common Dwarvish
 
I/me mich
 
we/us wair
 
he/him ee
 
she/her ie
 
it edh
 
you daibh
 
they/them siad
 
this ses
 
that din
 
===Prepositions:===
English/Common Dwarvish
 
above ciob
 
after nair
 
before vorom
 
behind hintacht
 
below fon
 
by de
 
despite tratz
 
during wroid
 
for cal
 
from bhon
 
in front of coivern
 
in, inside ain
 
of ov
 
on oin
 
to chau


with meit
  |-
    | second
    | dakun
  |-
    | minute
    | pairgen
  |-
    | hour
    | stuair
  |-
    | day
    | lag
  |-
    | week
    | woach
  |-
    | month
    | mionat
  |-
    | year
    | jahdna
  |-
    | today
    | seslag
  |-
    | yesterday
    | voromlag
  |-
    | tomorrow
    | nairlag
|}
|-
| valign=top |
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
! style="background:#afdeab; font-size:10pt; border:1px solid black;" colspan=2 | Question Words
|-
! style="ckground:#efefef; width:90px;" | Common
! style="background:#cfcfcf; width:90px;" | Dwergan
  |-
    | who
    | cor
  |-
    | what
    | cas
  |-
    | when
    | cuan
  |-
    | where
    | co
  |-
    | why
    | cashalb
  |-
    | how
    | cie
  |-
    | how much/how many
    | cieliol
  |-
    | which
    | celch
|}
| width=20px | &nbsp;
| valign=top |
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
! style="background:#afdeab; font-size:10pt; border:1px solid black;" colspan=2 | Pronouns
|-
! style="ckground:#efefef; width:90px;" | Common
! style="background:#cfcfcf; width:90px;" | Dwergan
  |-
    | I/me
    | mich
  |-
    | we/us
    | wair
  |-
    | he/him
    | ee
  |-
    | she/her
    | ie
  |-
    | it
    | edh
  |-
    | you
    | daibh
  |-
    | they/them
    | siad
  |-
    | this
    | ses
  |-
    | that
    | din
|}
|-
| valign=top |
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
! style="background:#afdeab; font-size:10pt; border:1px solid black;" colspan=2 | Prepositions
|-
! style="ckground:#efefef; width:90px;" | Common
! style="background:#cfcfcf; width:90px;" | Dwergan
  |-
    | above
    | ciob
  |-
    | after
    | nair
  |-
    | before
    | vorom
  |-
    | behind
    | hintacht
  |-
    | below
    | fon
  |-
    | by
    | de
  |-
    | despite
    | tratz
  |-
    | during
    | wroid
  |-
    | for
    | cal
  |-
    | from
    | bhon
  |-
    | in front of
    | coivern
  |-
    | in/inside
    | ain
  |-
    | of
    | ov
  |-
    | on
    | oin
  |-
    | out/outside
    | amuig
  |-
    | to
    | chau
  |-
    | with  
    | meit
|}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}

Latest revision as of 20:09, 8 April 2019

Avlissian (OOC Terms) | Dwergan | Drangonari | Ganoom | Nanshilae | Orcish | Romini
Nouns
Common Dwarvish
ability urkit
adamantium ababel
adult Volwach
ale aalen
alloy mearung
ally Verbond
altar clagta
anger/wrath woarg
ant angan
anvil ambnean
armor pantsung
arrow pieil
axe tuxt
back (of torso) hintug
balance eveich
bandit raubicht
barn sgobhal
bartender buftander
battle shlegh
beard feubart
beer leanr
bellows bualg
bird eoin
boulder grobbiges
bow bevergung
box bogsch
boy laddie
castle kargh
cat coit
child kindligh
coal guhle
copper cupbel
Council raad
cow ciobrothe
desire/want wofel
dew daegh
dirt salach
dog treanfaoil
drum trollan
dwarf/dwarven dwergen
Elf (singular), Elven fing
elven (language) finglen
experience iarfah
Fall/autumn stherz
father vadeugh
field veld
fire vurbren
fish vish
forest bosfich
forge miedlach
friend vruend
friendly fruendlich
fruit frucht
gate cachal
girl lassie
gnome gnom
god/deity deigott
gold gald
goodbye gudein rois
gratitude/thanks altach
grove hain
guard grimnigh
guild/clan treun
hair haar
half lelb
half-elf lelbfing
halfling berrynkind
hammer faircham
haven/safe place zehebben
heart herzode
here heir
hero gaisgach
hole lowl
house haut
human muine
ingot caagen
inn gestagh
iron iarsen
journey reisegh
keep/small castle reikost
leaf bleagh
leather ledar
lizard lagha
magic zatagh
metal meghe
mine gruan
mithril mitbel
moon moan
mother madeugh
mouse luch
night naght
No nae
nose naus
now jenugh
obligation verpiach
orc muc
ore merz
owl oidla
passage durrak
pickaxe breakel
pixie leachan
platinum plabel
potion trankplaagh
pound pfent
purpose zwos
raven rabgang
recommendation moyemb
road stragenaan
rock/stone gesraig
rothe rothe
sea aibheis
season jahrozen
shadow schadeugh
shark cearb
shield washelg
ship bauta
silver airbel
sky odhar
snake natha
something ietwas
spice beschuld
Spring lentuzt
steel staidh
store/merchant tighmann
storm gailloirm
stranger vreud
stronghold hochbol
Summer zommer
sun szonne
tavern schanke
thank you altach
there doer
thing ding
thunder tearnach
time zijd
tourist touregh
trade handel
traveler reisgander
tree beum
tunnel garnel
turtle pantslagha
undead versanae
water usga
way weg
weapon waffen
Welcome velkom
wind goth
Winter vinter
wolf faoil
wood fiolz
Yes aye

Dwarvish

An Avlissian language by Orleron, KinX, Vergilius and Deider

Simple Sentences

Dwarvish follows the word order structure of English to determine the function of a word in the sentence. This is the subject-verb-object word order. For example:

  Mich caufoch washelg. I buy a shield.  

Dwarvish is a simple but robust language. The particles ?a? and ?the? do not exist in dwarvish. Dwarvish also has no verb tenses. This means that the following sentences?

  Mich caufoch washelg I buy a shield.
  I bought a shield.
  I will buy a shield.

Dwarves usually understand through the context of a sentence which tense is intended. When the meaning is ambiguous, dwarves use time words to clarify. For example:

  Mich caufoch washelg voromlag. I bought a shield yesterday.
  Mich caufoch washelg nairlag. I will buy a shield tomorrow.

Dwarvish has no plural forms. So again the sentences?

  Mich caufoch washelg. I bought a shield.
  I bought shields.

Again, dwarves usually understand from the context of the conversation, but in ambiguous situations numbers or adjectives are used. For example:

  Mich caufoch dwei washelg. I bought two shields.
  Mich caufoch vieluth washelg. I bought many shields.

Speaking of adjectives, as in English adjectives are placed in front of the nouns they modify.

  Mich caufoch dwei beddegh washelg voromlag. I bought two old shields yesterday.

Negative sentences are also simple. To make a negative sentence, add the word for no, ?nae,? before the verb.

  Mich nae caufoch washelg voromlag. I did not buy a shield yesterday.
  Mich nae cauloch klein washelg nairlag. Mich cauloch grobbi washelg. I will not buy a small shield tomorrow. I will buy a big shield.

Dwarves have a very tight-knit clan and guild-based culture. As such, they understand each other very well, to the point that they can often finish each others? sentences. So when it would be understood, the subject is sometimes omitted from a sentence. For example:

  Mich caufoch washelg, I bought a shield
  • But many dwarves would simply say caufoch washelg.

Dwergan Grammar Primer

Pronouns and to be

In English, the personal pronouns change when converted from subject to object (I versus me, for example). This is not the case in dwarvish.

Wair caufoch beddegh pantsung. We bought old armor.
Siad anspoch wair. They attacked us.
Daibh mabtoch ee! You killed him!
Ie nae behnoch mich. She will not bless me.

In many languages the verb to be is irregular. Not in dwarvish. The dwergan verb aeoch, to be, does not change.

Mich aeoch dwerven. I am a dwarf.
Ie nae aeoch gehagh. She is not nice.
Gorethar aeoch gude deigott. Gorethar is a good deity.

Expressing Possession

There are two ways to show possession in dwarvish. The first uses the conjunction 'ov,' which means 'of.'

Veld Ov Vurbren aeoch heir. The Fields of Fire are here.
Verifoch mich ov haut. I sold my house.

The second is even simpler. Just combine the words signifying the owner and the possession:

Verifoch michhaut. I sold my house.
Michwashelg aeoch beddegh. My shield is old.
Fifur mabtoch michvruend. Fifur killed my friend.

Imperatives

Dwarvish verbs are not conjugated. The only exception is when it comes to giving commands. All dwarvish verbs end with -och. Dropping -och from a verb results in its imperative form.

Rauf! Rauf!! Run! Run!!
Dlomm heir Come here.
Nae versa! Don't die!
Mabt siad! Kill them!

Expressing Desires

The verb wofeloch means to want.
Wofeloch washelg. I want a shield.
Ee wofeloch michhaut. He wants my house.
Wofeloch ceudert gude dwergen! I want a hundred good dwarves!

Wofel is a dwarvish noun meaning desire, want. When wofel precedes a verb, the following expression can be made:

Mich wofel caufoch washelg. I want to buy a shield.
Ie wofel fascoch madeugh. She wants to see her mother.
Mich nae wofel mabtoch daibh. I don't want to kill you.

Conjunctions, Conditionals, and Explaining Reasons

Conjunctions can be used to combine simple sentences into complex ones. Conjunctions are used in dwarvish exactly as they are in English. A list of common conjunctions follows:

Famoch tighmann ind caufoch washelg voromlag. I went to the store and I bought a shield.
Anspoch din muc bach ee nae versaoch. I attacked that orc but he didn?t die.
Verifoch michtuxt ov staidh wegoir edh aeoch flamh. I sold my steel axe because it was dull.
Wair desufoch aalen nad leanr. We will drink ale or beer.

The word wem can be used with the adverb mann, which means then, to form conditional sentences.

Wem famoch tighmann, mann caufoch nudh washelg. If I go to the store, then I will buy a new shield.

The conjunction wegoir, which means because, can be used to explain reasons.

Famoch tighmann voromlag wegoir wofel caufoch nudh washelg. I went to the store yesterday because I wanted to buy a new shield.

Prepositions

Prepositions come before the words they modify, as in English. Below is a list of common dwarvish prepositions:

The moon is above Galdos, but I never see it. Moan aeoch ciob Galdos, bach nae faschoch.
Michbreakel aeoch ain haut, hintacht miedlach. My pickaxe is in the house, behind the forge.
Muc dlommoch bhon fon garnel. The orcs came from below the tunnel.
Grib daibhwaffen oin stragenaan! Drop your weapon on the road!
Caufoch ses washelg cal daibh. I bought this shield for you.

Asking Questions

In written dwarvish, interrogative questions start with a question word and end with a rune that denotes that the question is a sentence. This rune is analogous to the English question mark. Also similar is the fact that when dwarves speak a question they end the sentence with a rise in tone. In other words, asking a question in dwarvish is the same as asking one in English. Below is a list of dwarvish question words:

Cor aeoch din lelbfing? Who was that half-elf?
Cas aeoch ses waffen, ind co aeoch dlommoch bhon? What is this weapon, and where did it come from?
Cashalb daibh anspoch mich? Why did you attack me?
Celch washelg daibh wofeloch, rodh nad blorm? Which shield do you like, the red or the blue one?

Relative Clauses

Relative clauses use the appropriate question word to best describe the noun they modify. In English, where that is used the word for what, cas, is used instead. For example:

Fing cor mabtoch michvadeugh The elf who killed my father
Merz cas mich leagoch voromlag. The ore that I smelted yesterday
Hochbol co siad neutoch shlegh The stronghold where they fought the battle
Cuan mich aeoch laddie, wofeloch buang feubart. When I was a boy, I wanted a long beard.

Time Expressions

Compound nouns are used to modify the words for week, month, and year. Thus voromjahdna means last year and nairmionat means next month.

More time expressions can be used by combining time words, numbers, and certain prepositions. For example

Two seconds ago Two second before Dwei dakun vorom
Five years from now Five year after Conf jahdna nair
In twenty-four hours Twenty-four hour inside Dweideihn-veith stuair ain
Dlomm Deglos dwei lag ain. Come to Deglos in two days.
Leornoch finglen deihn jahdna nair. I learned Elvish ten years ago.

Culture note: mionat is translated as month, but many dwarves live their entire lives underground and hence never seen the moon. Mionat does not describe an actual lunar cycle, but rather the length of time of the birth and death cycle of a type of glowing fungus that grows in the Underdark. The life cycle of this fungus roughly corresponds to one month.

Saying I Can

In dwarvish the word urkit means ability. When urkit precedes a verb it forms the grammatical expression "I can" (verb form). For example:
I can see you. I have the ability to see you. Mich urkit fascoch daibh.
We cannot lose! We do not have the ability to lose! Wair nae urkit vercaloch!

Gerunds

Perhaps the hardest thing for foreigners to understand about dwarvish is gerunds. Just as dwarvish verbs do not distinguish between tenses, they also do not distinguish the gerund form. So 'see', 'to see,' and 'seeing' are all expressed by the word 'fascoch.' This sometimes creates sentences that are hard for non-dwarves to understand, such as:
Desufoch aalen aeoch gude. Drinking ale is good.
Vercaloth aeoch versaoch. To lose is to die.

Expressing Likes and Dislikes

The verb meaning to like is mesikoth. The verb meaning to hate is fuasoch.

Mich mesikoth vinter, ind mich fuasoch zommer. I like winter, and I hate summer.

The imperative forms of the above verbs are also nouns meaning preference and dislike. When they precede a verb the following grammatical construction is formed:

Mich mesik leagoch merz. I like to smelt ore.
Mich fuas faichoch hochbol. I hate guarding the stronghold.

Expressing Past Experiences

The noun iarfah mean experience. When it precedes a verb it forms the following grammatical construction:

Mich iarfah famoch Le'Or T'Nanshi. I have the experience of going to Le'Or T'Nanshi. I have been to Le'Or T'Nanshi before.
Ee iarfah fascoch nudh gebuid michpantsung? Has he seen my new yellow armor before?
Cor iarfah famoch Mikona dri jahdna ain? Who's been to Mikona in the past three years?

Similes and Metaphors

The adjective 'cealich' means 'similar to.' It can be used to form similes, such as:

Michmadeugh ov feubart aeoch wabh cealich iarsen. My mother's beard is black like iron.
Din muine anspoch chart cealich ababel! That human fights as hard as adamantium!

Though dwarves do like a good drinking song, dirge, battle ballad, or limerick, they are not fond of metaphor. In fact, they do not use metaphor in their language.

Adverbs

Adverbs always precede the verb they modify. Here is a list of common dwarvish adverbs:

Aozeit desufoch aalen vorom shlegh. I always drink ale before a battle.
Ansp trit herzode! Attack the heart only!
Noer nae smenoch muc cor mich mabtoch. I never think about the orcs I have killed.

Adjectives can be made into adverbs by adding ?-in? at the end of the word. Again, adverbs always precede the verb they modify.

Ie lunellin sprucoch. She spoke quickly.
Cuan ee rabhoch mich, toimin fothloch altach. When he saved me, I felt deep gratitude.

Passive Voice

Dwarves are a people who believe in actions. This attitude is expressed in their language. In dwarvish there is no passive voice. To quote a famous dwarf linguist, Passive voice is for wussies.

Using the Verb Ferdoch

Ferdoch means simply to make. But dwarves rarely use the verb in its naked form. Being a race of smiths, dwarves almost always combine the verb 'ferdoch' with the noun for the material used in whatever was made. For example:

Mich staidhferdoch washelg. I made a shield (out of steel).
Mich mitbelferdoch faircham nairlag. I will make a mithril hammer tomorrow.
Cor iarsenferdoch nudh ambnean? Who made the new (iron) anvil?

Honorifics

Dwarf society is highly structured and places an emphasis on one’s rank and occupation. Dwarves tend to call people by their title, rank, or occupation, followed by their name. In cases where such information about another dwarf is not known, the gender-neutral “Dwergen” (“dwarf”) is used (e.g., "Dwergen Hargas"). In recent centuries some Deglosian dwarves shorten this to “Dwerg.” It is meant as a sign of respect. Dwarves speaking in Dwergan to non-dwarves will adopt the same practice, calling them by their race, followed by their name (e.g. “Muine Thom,” “Fing Lomir,” etc.). Some dwarves – usually those who learned Common in Galdos or Deglos but had few to no opportunities to speak it to non-dwarves – will use the same practice in Common or other non-dwarf languages: “Human Rodrick,” “Elf Lomir,” etc.

Common Expressions

Last but not least, a list of common expressions in dwarvish for general use.

Common Dwergan Notes
Hello Gorr! Abbreviation of a phrase that means Gorethar bless you!
Goodbye Gudein rois Literally Journey well
How are you? Chart faircham? Literally Is your hammer hard
I am well Lichaba! Abbreviation of Cealich ababel which is literally Like adamantium!
Thank you Altach  
You're welcome Kleinmerz Literally It's just a small ore?
Holy smokes/
Great scott!
Ach!  
Damn! Verlooghlag! Literally Forsaken day
Excuse me Vercalwoarg Literally Lose your anger

Dwergan Vocabulary

Verbs
Common Dwergan
to attack anspoch
to be aeoch
to bless behnoch
to blow seidoch
to buy caufoch
to come dlommoch
to die versaoch
to dig/
to mine
ruamhoch
to do neutoch
to drink desufoch
to eat esithoch
to farm tuathoch
to feel fothloch
to fly ilieoch
to go/
to walk
famoch
to hate fuasoch
to have teuwoch
to hide falaoch
to hope horboch
to journey roisoch
to kill mabtoch
to know kaithnoch
to learn leornoch
to like/
to enjoy
mesikoch
to lose vercaloch
to love griboch
to make ferdoch
to open fosoffoch
to play cluioch
to recommend moyempoch
to run raufoch
to save rabhoch
to say sairoch
to see fascoch
to sell verifoch
to show sealloch
to sing cronnoch
to sleep cadaloch
to smelt leagoch
to snow sneaoch
to speak sprucoch
to stand stehoch
to think smenoch
to train treannoch
to want/
to need
wofeloch
to watch/to guard faichoch
to win gebuihoch
to work saothoch
 
Adjectives
Common Dwergan
acceptable annedeagh
agile aglich
all allegh
any irgnig
armed bewapnend
bad shlect
big grobbi
black wabh
blue blorm
brown dhaun
cold fuor
deep toim
dull flamh
enduring karagh
fast lunell
few beparr
forsaken verloogh
full vollen
good gude
green grurn
hard chart
hot teoth
long buang
many vieluth
new nudh
old beddegh
pleasant/nice gehagh
purple purcur
red rodh
shallow seilach
sharp biorarf
sharp leannach
short gorurz
similar to cealich
slow songsam
small klein
soft weoth
tall slataul
white weel
yellow gebuid
young juch
Adverbs
Common Dwergan
also auscht
always aozeit
maybe foddecht
never noer
often trit
only unzig
seldom senamh
sometimes uairmal
then mann
 
Numbers
Common Dwergan
one eaon
two dwei
three dri
four veith
five conf
six se
seven siechd
eight oht
nine naun
ten deihn
hundred ceudert
thousand taumil
Conjunctions
Common Dwergan
although obged
and ind
because wegoir
but/yet bach
if wem
or nad
 
Time Indicators
Common Dwergan
second dakun
minute pairgen
hour stuair
day lag
week woach
month mionat
year jahdna
today seslag
yesterday voromlag
tomorrow nairlag
Question Words
Common Dwergan
who cor
what cas
when cuan
where co
why cashalb
how cie
how much/how many cieliol
which celch
 
Pronouns
Common Dwergan
I/me mich
we/us wair
he/him ee
she/her ie
it edh
you daibh
they/them siad
this ses
that din
Prepositions
Common Dwergan
above ciob
after nair
before vorom
behind hintacht
below fon
by de
despite tratz
during wroid
for cal
from bhon
in front of coivern
in/inside ain
of ov
on oin
out/outside amuig
to chau
with meit